@Sanctaphrax: Looking at it again, I'm not sure I like the idea of the penalty being a bonus to attack, because that means the attacker gets that bonus even if the shooter has also set up a block. The penalty, as I had envisioned it, was to represent that it's harder to dodge if you're lying on your stomach. If he's also set up a block of some kind (either magic or through a previous action), should that get the same penalty?
@Lanodantheon: Thinking about it, instead of using Scholarship directly as the defense roll, maybe make it so that Scholarship can modify the defense roll, or you can make Declarations regarding the opponent's fighting style with Scholarship and tag the resulting Aspect. This seemed more like what Sherlock was doing, giving his opponents a quick scan, then planning it out, rather than just being that good (note how he gets hit more often in fights he can't stop and prepare for) Something like...
I Can Read Your Body Like A Book: You may not be an accomplished Pugilist, but you've studied up. In battle, you may use Scholarship to make assessments and declarations regarding an enemy's fighting style after you've seen them in motion.