p266 covers it. Manouvers and solutions to problems tend to last a scene, aka 15 minutes. Some last forever, because they inflict consequences and no longer need magic (e.g. blowing up someone's heart) and some like wards last till the next sunset.

Yeah. The wizards may be sad if they get taken out easily in combat and are useless at fighting, while the other people are killing lots of people and surviving.

It probably depends a lot on spheres of influence.

Vampires and sidhe can do their thing because established powers back them.

Demons aren't organized because backstabbing and chaos and so no organized protection against white council law enforcement.

For reasons of in game balance inhuman speed doesn't make you better at aiming, but it probably does in the Dresdenverse. Someone who can think a hundred times faster than a human is better at aiming. So, in the books, Thomas probably has a +2 to guns.

I suppose one way you could easily model this, in a way that would again break game balance, is to have a stunt that let you shoot with athletics.

At 5 refresh worth of abilities and 4 stats what are you expecting them to do? Why does it matter to them that a bunch of japanese people are being bitten by odd vampires? Why does it matter that there's tensions in africa or whatever? The group is going to fold like a wet handkerchief against a hurricane if anything well stated glances their way.

If you want to do monsters of the week or something that's fine, but I'm not sure why your players would care about all this.

The standard rules for werewolves is that they heal one bashing injury (stress basically) per round or can spend one essence (fate point) to heal a lethal wound (a low tier consequence), and can't heal quickly from aggravated wounds (high tier consequences) without supernatural abilities.

As such, to cross it over I'd probably just let them heal their leftmost physical stressbox once per round representing mild bruises and damage instantly repairing, with the option to spend a fate point to regenerate a mild consequence. That would fit most closely to the actual system used. Alternatively, give them inhuman toughness and the 1 armor represents them autoregenerating.

If you make them autoregenerate consequences you're letting them regenerate lethal/ aggrevated wounds automatically, which is going to put them at a much higher power level than werewolves in either system.

But other things serve as thresholds as well.
In the broadest sense, the term “threshold”
may be given to any metaphysical barrier that
impedes or blocks supernatural power from
passing from point A to point B. A signifcant
source of running water is a prime example, as
it “shorts out” magical energies that try to cross
over or through it.

Most thresholds or other things that ground
out magical energy (like a source of running
water) have a base strength of Fair (+2).
Most public places or places used primarily
for the conducting of business have a strength
of Mediocre (+0). Sanctified or consecrated
grounds (such as places of worship) are an
exception to this, carrying a base threshold
strength of Good (+3) even if they are used by
the public, because of the energies of faith that
are directed into them.
From these guidelines, you can further
modify the strength of the threshold depending
on the circumstances of the location in question. Running the Game has suggestions about
modifying difculties (page 311); basically, every
mitigating or contributing circumstance should
add or subtract 2 from this base total.

So basically, make water a +2 threshold, with +2 for each additional factor, like it being a heavy stream, it being flood season, whatever.

Compels are also good and solve many problems. But everything can be compel'd. If you want your wizard to not have magic, you can compel them to not be able to cast while in a river they could otherwise overcome.