I'll get this started, and we can add to it.
Stolen from the Dresden Timeline
Let's make a system. We don't know specifically what years these events take place, so let's say "Furies of Calderon" takes place in the year 0, and every thing else is either BFC (Before Furies of Calderon) or AFC (After Furies of Calderon). You're welcome to replace my acronyms with something more clever!
Page numbers refer to the US hardback editions of Furies of Calderon through Cursor's Fury.
GENERAL TIMELINE
~1000 BFC: House of Gaius becomes the leading power of Alera (FC p. 65)
~80 BFC: Gaius Sextus born.
~15 BFC: Battle of Calderon. Marat hordes destroy Crown Legion and kill Princeps Septimus Gaius. Aleran Legions 'crush' the horde weeks later. (FC p. 56)
~15 BFC: Marat hordes disappear from Calderon Valley. (FC p. 56)
15 BFC: Tavi is born (FC p. 28) at the end of First Calderon. (confirmed in CF)
-Kitai is born. (FC p. ?? - revealed during Challenge of Wit)
-Alia dies. (CF Chapter 5)
5 BFC: Amara arrives at the Royal Academy. (FC p. 62)
~3 BFC: Caria marries First Lord Gaius Sextus. (FC p. 62)
~3 BFC: Feverthorn Border - Fidelias helps break up an illegal slaving operation involving the Slavers Consortium and Dianic League. (FC p. 75)
0 AFC, late Fall: Furies of Calderon.
-Tavi is living in the Calderon Valley on Bernardholt with his 'Aunt' Isana and Uncle Bernard. Unlike other Alerans, Tavi doesn't have any known Furies of his own.
-Amara is betrayed by her teacher, Fidelias. (FC p. 19)
-First mention of Isana's apparent inability to bear children: The way no one had thought Isana would ever be able to. (FC p. 40)
-Tavi and Bernard encounter a female Herdbane, which usually lives further south (Feverthorn Jungle). Bernard is injured. (FC p. 49-53)
-Tavi meets his first Marat. (FC p. 55)
-The First Lord orders Amara to the Calderon Valley (FC p. 65)
-Tavi bonds with Kitai of the Marat. (FC p. 307-308)
-Second Battle of Calderon.
-Tavi receives patronage to the Academy from the First Lord. (FC p. 433)
2 AFC, late Winter, early Spring ("Wintersend"): Academ's Fury. Tavi is attending the Academy and is serving as a personal page for the First Lord.
5 AFC, Spring: Cursor's Fury. Tavi is assigned to the First Aleran Legion undercover as Third Subtribune Scipio Rufus.
7 AFC, Summer: Captain's Fury. Tavi remains Captain of the First Aleran.
8 AFC, Winter: Princeps' Fury. As Princeps, Tavi travels to Canea with the First Aleran, the Free Aleran, and Nasaug's armies.
OTHER MISC INFO
Calderon Valley 'lies just over the isthmus between Alera and the plains beyond.' (FC p. 64)
HIGH LORDS OF ALERA
Aquitaine -- Lord Attis, Lady Invidia
Rhodes
Kalare -- Lord Brencis (Majoris). Son is Brencis Minoris.
Placida -- Lord Sandos, Lady Aria (once dueled the High Lord of Rhodes)
Cereus -- Lord Ventis/Macius (both used in CuF). Daughter is Lady Veradis.
Antillus -- Lord Raucous, Lady Dorotea (sister of Kalarus Brencis). Legitimate son is Crassus, Illegitimate son is Maximus.
Atticus -- Lord Quentin(FoC)/Elios(CuF)
Riva -- Lord Grantus
ENEMIES OF THE REALM
Icemen
Marat
Canim
Vord
Children of the Sun (wiped out long ago)